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Canker sores, also known as aphthous ulcers, are small, painful lesions that develop inside the mouth. They are one of the most common oral health issues, affecting people of all ages. While canker sores are not contagious and usually heal on their own, they can be uncomfortable and disruptive to daily life.
This in-depth blog will cover everything you need to know about aphthous ulcers, including what they are, their causes, symptoms, treatment options, and prevention strategies. By the end, you’ll have a clear understanding of how to manage and prevent these pesky mouth ulcers.
What Are Canker Sores?
Canker sores are shallow, round or oval ulcers that form on the soft tissues inside the mouth, such as the tongue, gums, inner cheeks, or lips. They are typically white or yellow with a red border and can range in size from a few millimetres to over a centimetre.
There are three main types of aphthous ulcers:
- Minor Canker Sores: Small and oval-shaped, these are the most common type and usually heal within 1–2 weeks without scarring.
- Major Canker Sores: Larger and deeper, these sores can take several weeks to heal and may leave scars.
- Herpetiform Canker Sores: Clusters of tiny sores that merge into one large ulcer. Despite the name, they are not caused by the herpes virus.
Are Canker Sores Contagious?
No, canker sores are not contagious. Unlike cold sores, which are caused by the herpes simplex virus and can spread through contact, sores are not caused by an infection and cannot be transmitted to others.
Symptoms of Aphthous Ulcers
The primary symptom of a canker sore is a painful ulcer inside the mouth. Other symptoms may include:
- A burning or tingling sensation before the sore appears.
- Swelling or redness around the ulcer.
- Difficulty eating, drinking, or speaking due to pain.
- In severe cases, fever, fatigue, or swollen lymph nodes.
What Causes Canker Sores?
The exact cause of canker sores is not fully understood, but several factors are known to contribute to their development:
1. Minor Mouth Injuries
- Accidental bites, dental work, or aggressive brushing can trigger sores.
2. Food Sensitivities
- Acidic or spicy foods, such as citrus fruits, tomatoes, and chocolate, can irritate the mouth and lead to sores.
3. Nutritional Deficiencies
- Low levels of vitamins B12, zinc, folate, or iron may increase the risk of canker sores.
4. Hormonal Changes
- Hormonal fluctuations, particularly in women, can trigger outbreaks.
5. Stress and Immune System Issues
- Emotional stress or a weakened immune system can make you more susceptible to canker sores.
6. Underlying Health Conditions
- Conditions like celiac disease, Crohn’s disease, or Behçet’s disease may increase the likelihood of canker sores.
7. Toothpaste and Mouthwash
- Products containing sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) can irritate the mouth and trigger sores.
How Are Aphthous Ulcers Diagnosed?
Canker sores are typically diagnosed based on their appearance and symptoms. In most cases, no special tests are required. However, if you experience frequent or severe sores, your healthcare provider may recommend:
- Blood tests to check for nutritional deficiencies or underlying conditions.
- A biopsy to rule out other causes, such as oral cancer or infections.
Treatment Options for Canker Sores
While most canker sores heal on their own within 1–2 weeks, several treatments can help alleviate pain and speed up healing:
1. Over-the-Counter Products
- Topical gels or ointments: Products like Orajel or Anbesol can numb the area and reduce pain.
- Mouth rinses: Antiseptic or anti-inflammatory rinses can help soothe the sores.
2. Prescription Medications
- Corticosteroid ointments: Reduce inflammation and promote healing.
- Antibiotics: May be prescribed for severe or infected sores.
3. Home Remedies
- Saltwater rinse: Mix 1/2 teaspoon of salt in a cup of warm water and rinse your mouth several times a day.
- Baking soda rinse: Dissolve 1 teaspoon of baking soda in water and rinse to neutralize acids and reduce irritation.
- Honey: Apply a small amount of honey to the sore for its natural antibacterial and healing properties.
4. Lifestyle Adjustments
- Avoid spicy, acidic, or rough foods that can irritate the sores.
- Use a soft-bristled toothbrush and avoid toothpaste with SLS.
Related: Why Do I Keep Getting Canker Sores? Get Our Free Checklist
Preventing Ulcers
While it’s not always possible to prevent Aphthous Ulcers, the following strategies can help reduce their frequency and severity:
1. Maintain Good Oral Hygiene
- Brush and floss regularly to keep your mouth clean and free of irritants.
2. Eat a Balanced Diet
- Ensure you’re getting enough vitamins and minerals, particularly B12, zinc, folate, and iron.
3. Avoid Trigger Foods
- Identify and avoid foods that seem to cause or worsen your sores.
4. Manage Stress
- Practice stress-reducing techniques like meditation, yoga, or deep breathing.
5. Stay Hydrated
- Drink plenty of water to keep your mouth moist and reduce irritation.
6. Use Gentle Oral Care Products
- Choose toothpaste and mouthwash without sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS).
When to See a Doctor
Most sores heal on their own and don’t require medical attention. However, you should consult a healthcare provider if:
- Sores are unusually large or painful.
- Sores persist for more than 2 weeks.
- You experience frequent outbreaks (more than 2–3 times a year).
- Sores are accompanied by fever, fatigue, or other systemic symptoms.
Canker sores are a common and often frustrating oral health issue, but they are not contagious and usually resolve on their own. By understanding their causes, symptoms, and treatment options, you can effectively manage and prevent these painful ulcers.
If you experience frequent or severe canker sores, consult a healthcare provider to rule out underlying conditions and explore personalized treatment options. With the right care and prevention strategies, you can minimize the impact on your daily life.
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